2024 Forensic assessment pdf

(PDF) Forensic Assessment Forensic Assessment DOI: Authors: Kirk Heilbrun Drexel University Richard Rogers University of North Texas Randy K Otto Nova Southeastern University Abstract.... Sexyandfunny

The M-FAST is a brief 25-item screening interview for individuals ages 18 years and older that provides preliminary information regarding the probability that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness. Most malingering and symptom validity instruments assess malingered cognitive and/or neuropsychological deficits. The chapters address substantive topics like acquisitive crime, domestic violence, mass murder, and sexual vio- lence, while also exploring emerging areas of research, such as the expansion of cybercrime, particularly child sexual exploitation, as well as aspects of terrorism and radicalisation.Psychologists should be aware of their cultural biases and not allow them to lead to unjust work (Leong et al., 2013; Weiss & Rosenfeld, 2012). To reduce these biases, cross-cultural knowledge ...2.01 Scope of Competence. When determining one’s competence to provide services in a particular matter, forensic practitioners may consider a variety of factors including the relative complexity and specialized nature of the service, relevant training and experience, the preparation and study they are able to devote to the matter, and the opportunity for consultation with a professional of ... Jun 4, 2018 · Problems with forensic reports can be identified via two types of empirical studies: either from surveys and feedback from legal professionals on the quality of reports, or by evaluations of the extent to which reports comply with certain principles of appropriate forensic mental health assessment (Goodman-Delahunty & Dhami, 2013). some consideration in virtually all forensic evalua-tions, and has the potential to greatly impact the forensic interview process itself. This article highlights a range of issues that complicate the assessment of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including the influence of culture on the interview, the use and 3. Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice. Several studies and articles have assessed the quality of forensic psychology and psychiatry practice. 10, –, 16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspirations for the field, although there have been incremental improvements during the 1990s. 12 No studies to date have observed forensic ...May 27, 2015 · Abstract. Forensic assessment videoconferencing (VC) is gradually gaining popularity among forensic mental health practitioners. Given the profound impacts of the characteristics of VC on forensic ... It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT.Psychologists should be aware of their cultural biases and not allow them to lead to unjust work (Leong et al., 2013; Weiss & Rosenfeld, 2012). To reduce these biases, cross-cultural knowledge ...Jan 1, 2022 · Forensic assessment instruments must become increasingly sophisticated and must account for differences in measurement risk assessment by gender, age, culture, ability, and sexual orientation. Evaluation of female risk for violence, dangerousness, sexual offending, and recidivism remains relatively uncharted. of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT), a validated and highly effective criminal investigation tool. The article also provides a step-by-step implementation guide and a sample internal control questionnaire that incorporates the use of FAINT. Interview or Interrogation? The distinction between an interview and an interrogationEvaluative reviews are given of specialized forensic assessment instruments for each of several legal competencies. Individual chapters cover problems in assessments for legal competenies, ways to improve the legal relevance of assessments, and legal standards for forensic assessments. They also focus on competency to stand trial, the waiver of ... Time: 5–10 minutes; 5 minutes to score. Qualification level: S. DETAILS. RESOURCES. PRICING. The M-FAST is a 25-item screening interview for adults that helps assess the likelihood that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness.Abstract. Forensic assessment videoconferencing (VC) is gradually gaining popularity among forensic mental health practitioners. Given the profound impacts of the characteristics of VC on forensic ...Psychopathy: Assessment and Forensic Implications Robert D Hare, PhD1; Craig S Neumann, PhD2 Key Words: psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, assessment, violence risk, treatment Psychopathy was the first personality disorder to be recognized in psychiatry. The concept has a long historical and clinical tradition, and in the last decadeMay 22, 2020 · broadly, it aims to help forensic scientists enhance their vision of ways forensic science might develop in the future and thereby facilitate continuing incremental improvements in forensic science standards and practice. This document is an OSAC Technical Series Publication2 rather than a standard or guideline. It Mar 2, 2016 · Substance abuse and crime: considerations for a comprehensive forensic assessment “Insuperable fear”, in the legal-criminal sense, entails the well-founded fear of serious, imminent harm, clouding Psychologists should be aware of their cultural biases and not allow them to lead to unjust work (Leong et al., 2013; Weiss & Rosenfeld, 2012). To reduce these biases, cross-cultural knowledge ...some consideration in virtually all forensic evalua-tions, and has the potential to greatly impact the forensic interview process itself. This article highlights a range of issues that complicate the assessment of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including the influence of culture on the interview, the use and Jan 17, 2017 · The Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991) is increasingly being used in psychological assessment in the forensic arena. The paper presents an overview of the validation of the negative ... Forensic assessment is one of the basic building blocks that form the foundation of the practice of psychiatryandthelaw,inadditiontoreport-writing and giving testimony in court. Similar to any foun- dation, the integrity of the process depends on how well each brick is laid upon the other.Formal Forensic violence or sex offending risk assessments can help to identify violence or sexual offending risk factors and recidivism rates or likelihood to offend or reoffend. While assessments can vary from individual to individual, most times they include testing, interviews, observation, and consultation with one of Insight’s trained ...Services agency attorneys (ATT); child forensic evaluators, primarily psychologists self-identiﬁed as evaluators (CFE); and child forensic interviewers from a variety of settings including child advocacy centers (CFI). CPS workers comprised 37.5% of the overall sample with LE being the second largest subgroup at 20.3%.Dr. Zapf is the author of Best Practices in Forensic Mental Health Assessment: Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial; editor of Forensic Assessments in Criminal and Civil Law: A Handbook for Lawyers; and associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. She served on the National Judicial College's Mental Competency: Best Practices ...About this book. The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a ...the various forensic interview models. In some cases, the veracity of the child’s statement or the performance of the forensic interviewer has been questioned solely on the basis of the model being used. However, forensic interviewers often receive training in multiple models and use a blended approach to best meet the needs of theThe Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) was developed to provide clinicians with a reliable and valid screen for malingered mental illness. Previous studies have demonstrated the development and initial validation of the M-FAST.operations, forensic intelligence is a scalable capability that can be used in various agencies. The core of every intelligence program involves many or all steps of the intelligence cycle . Forensic Intelligence Models: Assessment of Current Practices in the United States and InternationallyThe Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) is a screening instrument created to assess for potential malingering. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the extent to which the M-FAST total score can differentiate overreporters from comparison groups. Research reports were located through searching ... It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT.Gold standard forensic assessment conducted using all available information (file + interview) 20 items rated on 3-point scale Absent = 0; Possible/partial = 1; Present = 2 Glibness/superficial charm 0 1 2 Grandiose sense of self-worth 0 1 2 Lack of remorse or guilt 0 1 2 This textbook is designed for graduate students learning forensic assessment and psychologists coming to forensic practice later in their careers. It is organized around five broad areas: Professional and Practice Issues, Adult Forensic Assessment, Juvenile Forensic Assessment, Civil Forensic Assessment, and Communicating Your Findings. Diego Rosas Wellmann. Forensic risk assessment refers to the attempt to predict the likelihood of future offending in order to identify individuals in need of intervention. Risk assessment protocols have been implemented in mental health and criminal justice settings around the globe to prioritize risk reduction strategies for those most at need.acceptable current ways of performing these forensic evaluations, and following this Guideline does not lead to a guaranteed outcome. Differing fact pat-terns, clinical factors, relevant statutes, administra-tive and case law, and the psychiatrist’s judgment determine how to proceed in any individual forensic evaluation. Abstract. This book presents a set of criminal cases as examples of a scientist-practitioner model for forensic psychological assessment. The cases involve a number of forensic issues, such as ...partner and a forensic peer specialist. Criminal justice partners . typically come from local law enforcement, pretrial services, or probation and parole agencies. FACT teams maintain close coordination with their criminal justice partners and may involve them in case decision-making. Forensic peer specialists . areThe specialization of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has incorporated important advances during the last two decades. As scientific advances, specialized tools, and relevant ethical guidelines have become core elements of FMHA, however , the question of how to regulate poor practice has assumed increasing importance.Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ...Patients with Axis I disorders often fluctuate markedly in their clinical presentations in forensic and other professional settings. Although such fluctuations could suggest ineffectual efforts at malingering, more likely explanations include confusion or poor insight into psychopathology, imprecision in the assessment methods, or actual changes in symptomatology. An important concern is ...Request PDF | Forensic assessment of criminal maturity in juvenile homicide offenders in the United States | The United States Supreme Court in Jones vs. Mississippi (2021) reinforced the Miller ...This chapter provides an overview of forensic mental health assessments in criminal, civil, and juvenile and family court settings. We begin with a general discussion of the nature and method of forensic assessment, highlighting the various data sources on which a forensic assessment is based and the hypothesis testing nature of the evaluation process.Forensic assessment is one of the basic building blocks that form the foundation of the practice of psychiatryandthelaw,inadditiontoreport-writing and giving testimony in court. Similar to any foun- dation, the integrity of the process depends on how well each brick is laid upon the other. Dec 2, 2021 · Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ... Jan 1, 2022 · Forensic assessment instruments must become increasingly sophisticated and must account for differences in measurement risk assessment by gender, age, culture, ability, and sexual orientation. Evaluation of female risk for violence, dangerousness, sexual offending, and recidivism remains relatively uncharted. termine how to proceed in a forensic evaluation. Although treating clinicians may find this Guide-line useful, it is directed toward psychiatrists and other clinicians who work in a forensic role in con-ducting evaluations and providing opinions related to psychiatric disability. It is expected that any clini-The whole process is easy and quick. Check below to find out. go to the free PDF Editor page. Drag or drop a document you want to edit by clicking Choose File or simply dragging or dropping. Conduct the desired edits on your document with the toolbar on the top of the dashboard. Download the file once it is finalized . The Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991) is increasingly being used in psychological assessment in the forensic arena. The paper presents an overview of the validation of the negative ...Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ...Jul 18, 2011 · The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a …. In our article, we outline standard methods for the assessment of psychopathy, its association with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and its implications for clinical and forensic issues ...tication of forensic assessment instruments and forensically relevant instruments1 has increased significantly across these four decades. Since 1A forensic assessment instrument (FAI) is a tool used for the collection of information about a litigant's capacities that are directly relevant to a legal standard, such as "understanding" 4 20% Discount with this flyer until December 31, 2015 Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice Case Studies Corine de Ruiter and Nancy Kaser-Boyd, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Series: International Perspectives on Forensic Mental Health Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice: Case Studies presents a set of forensic criminal cases ... the various forensic interview models. In some cases, the veracity of the child’s statement or the performance of the forensic interviewer has been questioned solely on the basis of the model being used. However, forensic interviewers often receive training in multiple models and use a blended approach to best meet the needs of theAssessment Tools in Forensic Settings! Forensic Assessment Tools for Competency, Malingering and Neuropsychological Screening Presentation for Legal Competency and Restoration Training for Mental Health Experts Paul Simpson, Ed.D., [email protected], February 23, 2012 I. “Why bother with testing?” 1) The tectonic shift of Daubert & Rule ... Guideline: The Forensic Assessment S7 180 It is also recognized that policies and procedures will change with the 181 passage of time and from one setting to another. 182 The writing of forensic psychiatric reports is beyond the scope of this 183 guideline. Report-writing is a vast topic in itself, and the reader isThe specialization of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has incorporated important advances during the last two decades. As scientific advances, specialized tools, and relevant ethical guidelines have become core elements of FMHA, however , the question of how to regulate poor practice has assumed increasing importance.A meta-analysis of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Psychological Assessment, 31, 1319–1328. doi: 10.1037/pas0000753 [Google Scholar] Dohrenwend BP, Turner JB, Turse NA, Adams BG, Koenen KC, & Marshall R (2006). The psychological risks of Vietnam for US veterans: A revisit with new data and methods.of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT), a validated and highly effective criminal investigation tool. The article also provides a step-by-step implementation guide and a sample internal control questionnaire that incorporates the use of FAINT. Interview or Interrogation? The distinction between an interview and an interrogationpsychologists involved in forensic assessment and consultation are likely to have frequent experience with it. It is estimated that between 25,000 and 39,000 competency evaluations are conducted in the United States annually (Hoge et al., 1997; Steadman & Hartstone, 1983). Stated somewhat differently, between 2% and 8% of all felonyDepartment of Forensic Sciences, Washington, DC, who is involved in the development of forensic analytical methods of evidential materials. Dr. Bartick completed a Ph.D. at the Institute of Materials Science at U. Connecticut in 1978. He has worked for pharmaceutical, instrument, and a materials production companies doing analytical development.20% Discount with this flyer until December 31, 2015 Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice Case Studies Corine de Ruiter and Nancy Kaser-Boyd, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Series: International Perspectives on Forensic Mental Health Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice: Case Studies presents a set of forensic criminal cases ... Apr 13, 2021 · This study analyzes the questions on aspects of child custody, visitation rights, or child endangerment that judges pose to forensic psychologists in family law proceedings. Before conducting a psychological evaluation, the legal question in the referral has to be translated into case-specific, forensically relevant issues. The only overarching principle guiding this process is the “best ... Jan 2, 2018 · To evaluate the practical utility and face validity of a new risk assessment guideline, the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START), within a forensic mental health service. Staff attended training and subsequently used the START to assess and formulate risk. Jul 1, 2016 · PDF | On Jul 1, 2016, Christopher M. King published Forensic assessment II: Conducting the evaluation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate A recent Australian study that examined whether reports involving risk assessments conformed to best forensic practice found that some experts applied unreliable methods of risk assessment and incorrectly reported the results of risk assessment tools (Doyle, Ogloff, & Thomas, 2011). The failure to use and interpret the appropriate psychometric ...forensic psychology is deﬁned broadly as the application of psychological research, theory, practice, and traditional and specialized methodology (e.g., interviewing, psycho-logical testing, forensic assessment, and forensically rel-evant instruments) for the express purpose of providing assistance to the legal system. A BRIEF HISTORY OF FORENSICServices agency attorneys (ATT); child forensic evaluators, primarily psychologists self-identiﬁed as evaluators (CFE); and child forensic interviewers from a variety of settings including child advocacy centers (CFI). CPS workers comprised 37.5% of the overall sample with LE being the second largest subgroup at 20.3%.Forensic assessment is a part of the broader category of psychological assessment. The purpose of forensic assessment is distinct from that of traditional therapeutic assessment, and as such forensic evaluators have different training and practice guidelines. The settings in which forensic evaluations occur are vast, including law enforcement, correctional, and civil and criminal court ...Psychopathy: Assessment and Forensic Implications Robert D Hare, PhD1; Craig S Neumann, PhD2 Key Words: psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, assessment, violence risk, treatment Psychopathy was the first personality disorder to be recognized in psychiatry. The concept has a long historical and clinical tradition, and in the last decadeof the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT), a validated and highly effective criminal investigation tool. The article also provides a step-by-step implementation guide and a sample internal control questionnaire that incorporates the use of FAINT. Interview or Interrogation? The distinction between an interview and an interrogation Services agency attorneys (ATT); child forensic evaluators, primarily psychologists self-identiﬁed as evaluators (CFE); and child forensic interviewers from a variety of settings including child advocacy centers (CFI). CPS workers comprised 37.5% of the overall sample with LE being the second largest subgroup at 20.3%. Forensic Report 12.1.07. 2013. 5. Personality Assessment Instrument (PAI) was used to determine that Salinger most likely minimized her symptoms at the time in order to portray a more positive and desirable portrait of herself. 6. Historical Clinical Risk-20 (HCR-20) Instant Offense Several days before the incident, Salinger was suffering insomnia. PDF | On Jul 1, 2016, Christopher M. King published Forensic assessment II: Conducting the evaluation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGatetication of forensic assessment instruments and forensically relevant instruments1 has increased significantly across these four decades. Since 1A forensic assessment instrument (FAI) is a tool used for the collection of information about a litigant's capacities that are directly relevant to a legal standard, such as "understanding" 4 Jul 18, 2011 · The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a …. Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice: Case Studies presents a set of forensic criminal cases as examples of a scientist-practitioner model for forensic psychological assessment. The cases address forensic issues, such as criminal responsibility, violence risk assessment, treatment planning, and referral to long term forensic care.AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Assessment J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2015 Jun;43(2 Suppl):S3-53. Epub 2015 Jun 8. Authors Graham D Glancy ... 20% Discount with this flyer until December 31, 2015 Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice Case Studies Corine de Ruiter and Nancy Kaser-Boyd, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Series: International Perspectives on Forensic Mental Health Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice: Case Studies presents a set of forensic criminal cases ... Guideline: The Forensic Assessment S7 180 It is also recognized that policies and procedures will change with the 181 passage of time and from one setting to another. 182 The writing of forensic psychiatric reports is beyond the scope of this 183 guideline. Report-writing is a vast topic in itself, and the reader isSubstance abuse and crime: considerations for a comprehensive forensic assessment. 2016 Mar 2;28 (1):48-56. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.790. Juzgados de Plaza de Castilla de Madrid. There is a strong link between drug use and crime, but this relationship is complex. Drug use does not necessarily lead to an increase in crimes, such as theft, rape ...Patients with Axis I disorders often fluctuate markedly in their clinical presentations in forensic and other professional settings. Although such fluctuations could suggest ineffectual efforts at malingering, more likely explanations include confusion or poor insight into psychopathology, imprecision in the assessment methods, or actual changes in symptomatology. An important concern is ...AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Assessment J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2015 Jun;43(2 Suppl):S3-53. Epub 2015 Jun 8. Authors Graham D Glancy ... Jun 1, 2015 · 3. Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice. Several studies and articles have assessed the quality of forensic psychology and psychiatry practice. 10, –, 16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspirations for the field, although there have been incremental improvements during the 1990s. 12 No studies to date have observed forensic ...

3. Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice. Several studies and articles have assessed the quality of forensic psychology and psychiatry practice. 10, –, 16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspirations for the field, although there have been incremental improvements during the 1990s. 12 No studies to date have observed forensic .... Gay porn gamepercent27s

AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Assessment J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2015 Jun;43(2 Suppl):S3-53. Epub 2015 Jun 8. Authors Graham D Glancy ... Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST, Miller, 2001), in a sample of 209 (83.7% male) trauma-exposed veterans (57.9% probable current posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD). M-FAST total scores evidenced acceptable internal consistency, but several subscales showed poor internal consistency. Factor analytic and item-response theoryDr. Zapf is the author of Best Practices in Forensic Mental Health Assessment: Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial; editor of Forensic Assessments in Criminal and Civil Law: A Handbook for Lawyers; and associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. She served on the National Judicial College's Mental Competency: Best Practices ... Abstract. Violence risk assessment tools are increasingly used within criminal justice and forensic psychiatry, however there is little relevant, reliable and unbiased data regarding their predictive accuracy. We argue that such data are needed to (i) prevent excessive reliance on risk assessment scores, (ii) allow matching of different risk ... Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ...May 29, 2013 · Background Malingering is prevalent in PTSD, especially in delayed-onset PTSD. Despite the attempts to detect it, indicators, tools and methods to accurately detect malingering need extensive scientific and clinical research. Therefore, this study was designed to validate a tool that can detect malingering of war-related PTSD by Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Methods In ... Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice Several studies and articles have assessed the qual-ity of forensic psychology and psychiatry prac-tice. 10–16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspira-tions for the field, although there have been incre-mental improvements during the 1990s. 12 ... ABSTRACT. In forensic mental health care, a risk management plan forms the transition between the assessment and the treatment phase. Research and practice have shown that clinicians often experience difficulties in the transition from assessment to risk management.Gold standard forensic assessment conducted using all available information (file + interview) 20 items rated on 3-point scale Absent = 0; Possible/partial = 1; Present = 2 Glibness/superficial charm 0 1 2 Grandiose sense of self-worth 0 1 2 Lack of remorse or guilt 0 1 2It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT.The current literature review examines the assessment of malingering in adult forensic populations with a focus on recent applications of measures for identifying feigned psychiatric symptoms. Although a large amount of research on malingering assessment exists, such a review is needed given the limited research on factors thatDec 2, 2021 · Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ... acceptable current ways of performing these forensic evaluations, and following this Guideline does not lead to a guaranteed outcome. Differing fact pat-terns, clinical factors, relevant statutes, administra-tive and case law, and the psychiatrist’s judgment determine how to proceed in any individual forensic evaluation. Book details. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) is one of the most widely researched and used assessment tools in psychology. Forensic psychologists often rely on it to evaluate clients involved in civil and criminal cases. Because the test results can have a significant influence on court decisions, psychologists ....

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